Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

Hamlet, the sovereign of Denmark is a play by William Shakespeare set in the Kingdom of Denmark. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are companions to the hero in the play. Hamlet is a child to the previous King and a nephew to the present King Claudius (Hamlet.2.2.84) These two characters appear to be irreplaceable all through and fill in as witnesses of Claudius. Lord Claudius needed to comprehend the changed conduct of his nephew was in pain in the wake of figuring out how his dad, King Hamlet died.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the play, they fit in as direct government operatives of the King as a result of their youth companionship with Hamlet. Truth be told, he alludes to them as his two schoolfellows. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern show sycophancy, as they seem to battle to pick up Claudius’ certainty by acting like Hamlets beloved companions subsequently are better po sitioned to get data from him. They acknowledge to work with Claudius on this issue disregarding them knowing his goals. He presents them as astounding old buddies. This is supplemented by their demonstration of numbness when they go with Hamlet to England after he murdered Polonius. On this outing, they convey a letter whose content they don't know. This is the thing that prompts their demise. Their sycophancy reverse discharges as Hamlet dismisses their companionship when he discloses to them that they are spies (Hamlet.3.2.176) Furthermore, he figures out how to get the letter from them and revamps it switching the first substance. Privateers execute them in the wake of being relinquished by (Hamlet 5.2.353) Hamlet even comments that their demise is a result of their connivance. They are likewise utilized in the plot to sustain defilement in the courts by tolerating to be paid as specialists to work with Claudia. References Shakespeare, W. (1993) Hamlet, the ruler of Denmark. Lon don: Sterling mark Publishers. This article on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern was composed and put together by client Lawson Cameron to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Always Running Chapter Essay

Outline: Luis portrays his life as one of the guys, saying that he and his companions are in an empty parcel they had guaranteed as their own, outfitted with old couches and secured by plastic to keep off probably a portion of the downpour when an old vehicle stops by. Two of the gathering go to the road to show signs of improvement look and one, Clavo, is shot in the face. Clavo loses an eye in the shooting. Luis and Rano do numerous employments, going from cleaning houses, gardens, pools and carports to paper courses. They give all the cash to their mom and Luis noticed that there is constantly a need to for additional. As an adolescent and after Clavo leaves the area, Luis becomes companions with a youngster named Claudio Ponce, known as Yuk due to his unmistakable giggle. It’s Yuk who acquaints Luis with taking. With Yuk driving, meet a man named Jandro Mares, who has the adolescents take explicit vehicles on hand, drive them back to Jandro’s carport and strip them down. They likewise take bicycles, adornments, hardware and different things for a man named Shed Cowager who pays money for nearly anything they can take. They before long alumni to private robbery and ransacking accommodation stores. There is race inconvenience toward the start of each school year. During one occurrence, the police show up to separate a battle, the whites leave without an issue and the Mexicans captured or ousted. Luis’s mother is at long last tired of hauling him out of prison and watching him in a tough situation, and shows him out of the house. Luis endures a hernia and must have medical procedure. Luis portrays, in extraordinary detail, the impacts of a high from â€Å"sniffing† intoxicants including different showers and gas. Luis starts dating Wilo’s more youthful sister, Payasa. Not long after he parts ways with her, she is admitted to a recovery place for increases. Afterward, Wilo and Payasa leave the Barrior for what they trust is a superio r life.

The Part Time Scientists Use MindMeister to Get to The Moon

The Part Time Scientists Use MindMeister to Get to The Moon Berlin based, Robert Böhme is a programmer with high aims. When he’s not working on projects for the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, he and his fifty-five person team from around the world, aka the Part Time Scientists, make up the youngest team competing to win Google’s $30 million Lunar X Prize. And they’re using MindMeister to get there. The team was invited to display their progress at the Berlin International Airshow this past June. As any aspiring rocket scientist will tell you, getting to the moon isn’t cheap. The Berlin Airshow served two purposes for the Part Time Scientists; exhibit and gather interest in their Google Lunar X Prize entry, and, meet and greet potential sponsors of the project. Naturally, the team planned on exhibiting their two moon rover prototypes at the show, but the exhibit is only one part of the final production. The Part Time Scientists  are just that; Scientists, and not event organizers. So when the time came to plan out their big splash, they turned to MindMeister. When faced with such an excellent opportunity, the Part Time Scientists knew they wanted to get this one right. With a shopping list of preparation items, “What do we need to put which item on display? Which services are available to exhibitors, and how do we get them? Etc,” the team wanted to collect and share data with all the relevant players. Ideally, they wanted all of this data in one centralized document, thereby eliminating duplicate work, as well as serving as a “did we forget anything?” checklist. “Its true that as soon as the event has started, the worst things are over But we still had to get to that point,” says Inez Mischitz, editor of the team. With so much riding on this one event, the team knew that it would take their collective brainpower to nail this presentation. To this end, they looked to MindMeister as a brainstorming and creation tool. Not only did the team address a number of “standard” questions and answers they were sure to receive at the show, but also used MindMeister to design the overall look and feel of the exhibition booth. As their name suggests, the Part Time Scientists are just that: Part Time. Therefore, they have no centralized office where they all physically meet. The ILA Berlin Air Show team, consisting of 5-8 people based in Berlin, Hamburg, and France converged via VoiP once a week for several weeks leading up to the exhibition. The team used these collaborative sessions to use MindMeister to map out every possible idea they could think of. Based not only on the collaborative features of MindMeister, but also the “available anywhere, anytime,” functionality, the team would insert ideas during meetings, between meetings, and sometimes from the road, or the air. Nearing the end of the planning process, the Part Time Scientists Berlin Air Show team had collected ten individual branches, each containing dozens of thoughts, ideas, checklists, and actionable items. “We had been making extensive use of MindMeister before, but I never received as many email notifications as I did during the weeks we were planning our booth,” comments Mischitz. When launch day arrived on June 9th in Berlin, the Part Time Scientist team put their mind map(s) to work. Arriving on site that morning, Inez comments, “All we had to do was ‘assemble the parts’ of our booth according to our mind map. Without a solid plan of action, or one done as a simple list, it would have been far too easy to overlook something.” The Part Time Scientists successfully displayed their project to over 225,000 trade visitors, as well as the general public. The team received quite a bit of attention concerning their Asimov Jr. R2 rover prototype, so much so, that Peter Hintze, Federal Government Coordinator of German Aerospace Policy stopped by to see what the team were up to. “When we started the Part Time Scientists, we would all gather around a whiteboard. As time went by and the team started expanding beyond regional borders, we quickly realized we’d need a better solution,” adds Project Leader Robert Böhme. “That was when we discovered MindMeister. We agreed on a partnership and we’re happy to say that MindMeister is one of our very first official partners supporting us in our goal to win the Google Lunar X-Prize!”

Homosexuals and the Current Scenario of Egypt - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2308 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Contents Homosexuals and current Scenario of Egypt: International Human Rights and Social Justice for Homosexuals: Human Rights and Social Justice at Country Level: Violation of Country Law: History of Homosexuality in Egypt: Perpetrators of Homosexuality: Primary motivation orobjective of the violations: Consensus on the Crises and Compensation of the Victims: Gay and Lesbian Rights and International Community: LGBT rights in Egypt: Individual Case (Wissam Abyad Prosecution) Conclusion: Bibliography Homosexuals and current Scenario of Egypt: The Egyptian Government dealt homosexuals in cruel way for stopping the rising popularity of Religious activist groups such as Ikhwan-al-Muslimeen. Government of Egypt has used courts for holding and torture of Gay men (laceholder1). This policy of Government got wide support from the public and for this reason allowed the Rule to shore up its Islamic Qualifications (Menyawi, September 1, 2006). The situation of Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen is also considered that homosexuality is the violation of Islamic law. For this reason Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen supported the Government attacks on Gay men. Such Emergency courts which were previously used for the prosecution of the religious fundamentalists now these courts are using for detain and tortured of the gay men. That is why the destination of Religious fundamentalists and gay men are inseparably linked. It seems not plausible that the Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen make a strategically coalition with Gay Men. Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen should understand that th e government is manipulating their Homophobia and Government also prosecuted Fundamentalists. In the United States a narrative is used i.e. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“coming out from the closetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the LGBT but deploying this narrative in Egypt is an entirely different social and cultural environment from the United States would have significantly diverse and adverse consequences (MENYAWI). So by coming out with a homosexual identity, it is likely to construct a new group in the society which became minority. This group came however under close and careful examination by the Government. Egyptian Government has banished and subjugates this minority instead of embracing and providing support and empathy. It is evident in second public campaign against homosexuals, in which Government gathered about 62 apparently Gay Men and brought them at earth System Science Center (ESSC). The cops stood outside the ESSC and tease them and yelling at them by saying: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Look at them, faggots! This country is become full of faggots!à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the declaration of cops likely to infer something reality about these men. At the Appeals Court of Egypt in July 2003, Moà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢azer El-Marsafy, judge of the court disciplined the defendants by saying, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We are so offended by you and we cannot even glance at you. You did a very main Sin of Religion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Social scenario changes over time to time. Such culture which remain fixed, do not develop and grow must be go down because of their rigidity. The problem with the fundamentalist that they measure us with the same yard stick by which they are using for themselves or like such yard sticks which their forefathers told them about. Fundamentalist uses such interpretation of reality and pretends to us even more unknown, restricted and hostileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (MÃÆ' ¡rquez, 8 December 1982) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“He stared me from up to down and said, are you a theist?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬   I was shocked; I do not have words to say something. I know, I have more ethical values, righteousness than that guy. I know how stronger my relationship with God about which he do not know. But according to him I am just a punished person or eviler than an accused person, a ghost, because I am homosexualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (Amgad, 2004) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Homosexuals and the Current Scenario of Egypt" essay for you Create order (Amgad, 2004)International Human Rights and Social Justice for Homosexuals: Human Rights for homosexual have been expressed by Navi Pillay, High Commissioner for Human Rights and by Secretary General of United Nations, Ban Ki Moon (Association). A revolutionary speech by Secretary General in December 2010 delivered on LGBT equality in New York for calling an international legalization of homosexuality and takes other measures for handle the violence and the discrimination against LGBTà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. According to him, since men and women are equal, we discard discrimination as a whole and particular discrimination centered on sexual orientation and sex identity. He said, it is not necessary to create new International laws or LGBT-specific Rights, for the protection of the LGBT people from violence and discrimination. It is the legal obligation of the state to safeguard the LGBT people like the other people living in the country. A state must follow the Human International Rights Law and they must be agreed on International human rights Treatise. Al l people who live in the state must enjoy the safety given by the International Human Rights Law regardless of sex and sexual orientation, gender identity, include respect of rights to life, security, privacy, free from torture, subjective arrest, freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and association. The principal legal responsibilities of States to defending the Human Rights of LGBT include following duties: Prevention of folks from homophobic and transphobic forcefulness. Prevention of pain, hard, cruel, torture, heartless, inhuman and humiliating treatment. Cancelation of such laws which criminalize the homosexuality. Stop Discrimination based on gender identity and sexual orientation. Freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and association for all LGBT people. In 1945, The Charter of United Nations, States: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is states in the testament of United Nations there must be respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms for all without any discrimination and distinctionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Chapter I, Article 1, #3 In 1945, Universal Declaration of Hume Rights, narrates in Article # 02 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Every person in the world allowed to have all the basic rights and freedoms wrote in the declaration without the discrimination and distinction of any kindà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Human Rights and Social Justice at Country Level: At the country level following questions must be addressed for the sake of Human Rights and Social Justice of LGBT people (Commision): Violation of Country Law: The constitution of Egypt does not allow the homosexuality and it is also in Islamic law and sharia is against the homosexuality. This law did not allow people to act in this way. According to Islam, man and woman are created for each other so the homosexuality is against the natural laws. History of Homosexuality in Egypt: It found in that ancient Egypt also had some sort of homosexual activities around 2500 B.C. But it is probability that people did not deliberately involve in such activities. Sex orientation of anyone determines whether he/she homosexual or not. When people have implicit knowledge and they admit consciously about themselves whether he/she is homo then that person search for their partner in the society. Perpetrators of Homosexuality: In the Islamic state, it is sure that anyone who is homosexual is committing a crime. But in general or in in the western culture perspective, other people who perceived homosexual as the perpetrators are actually the criminals. Primary motivation orobjective of the violations: In the current scenario of Egypt, political unbalance in the state really causes the violations. The Government of Egypt is not stable enough to resolve such sort of issues so Government tried to solve this issue with help of religious fundamentalists and activists. The current situation of Egypt represents that the actual victims are the underprivileged homosexual people. Consensus on the Crises and Compensation of the Victims: The issue of homosexuality will not be resolve sufficiently until the political situation of Egypt get better. With the involvement of United Nations in the crises of Homosexuality, this crisis will end in the broader way, just like in United States. When the crises will end then there should be some steps for compensation i.e. give them rights to live safely in the society with equal human rights which all human beings are possessing. Gay and Lesbian Rights and International Community: Foreign Governments expressed a lot of concern about the oppression of Gays in Egypt. French President Jacques Chirac upraised fears about the behavior and attitude towards gays in Egypt. The European Parliament sentenced the attacks on these men, wanting their freedom from custody and the termination of all trails of the citizens on the bases of homosexuality. In the United States some adherents of Congress who belongs to the Democratic Party of the United States suggests a bill in the Congress for reusing any support with Egypt Free Trade Agreement due to the trail of Gays (International Communist league). This action of Democratic Party impression amid Egyptians that Gay Character and Gay Rights was an artifact of the West, which is not producing a good relationship among Gays and United States. The disapproval of the trails of the Gay men of the West shows that they are also Western. Sonia Katyal who is Associate Dean for Research points out: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Unexpected ly, the appearance of public, cooperative, gay identity in some portions of the world has become intensively nervous with allegations of cultural inauthenticity and corruption of west. The conflict of these diverse forces, I argued that it must be produced some sort of global and cultural crunch of sexual identity, with the help of these developments, the globalizing of gay rights dissertation and it is associated reaction is conspicuous for its chronological coincidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Government of Egypt is changing the direction from their social and economic failures by arranging identity discourse of Gay Men. Egyptians were unconcerned, not much interested or ignorant suddenly look around themselves Gay People, in their own population. LGBT rights in Egypt: According to a report, about 10% to 12% of population of Egypt is homosexual and 95% of the Egyptians also believed that their sex orientation would not be accepted by the society in which they are living because they are not feeling in the same way as others in the society. In any enacted legislation or in any Egyptian Constitution, the Discrimination and aggravation of on the behalf of Sexual orientation and gender identity has not been expressly addressed in the Past. There is no politician or organization who talks about public support of LGBT rights. However it has been practiced to send the homosexuals in prison and mental institution to convert them into the normal gender or heterosexual. These activities are traditional in the Egypt culture. Cause behind the no political party or person addressing publically for the rights of LGBT is the religious fundamentalists and activists in the Egypt Government (Watch). Individual Case (Wissam Abyad Prosecution) Wissam Abyad was punished for 15 months in jail of Egypt on groundless charges of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Habitual Debaucheryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . That law is nebulous, a public morality law which is practiced in Egypt for criminalize the homosexuality. Wissam went to meet a man, who he has been communicating with, on the internet. That man was a government informant and he was being used against him at his trail. All the emails and communicating messages were exchanged by the Police of Cairo. Due to this physical evident Wissam was prosecuted for 15 months. His conviction was defended late on an appeal. Wissam came to the United States (wire) when released from the prison in Egypt last spring. He speaks out in contradiction of the human rights desecrations which are being dedicated against Gay Men in Egypt. Wissam also spoke in the support of Amnesty International Equality and Human rights Watch. A non-profit organization which propagates for equality in United States immigration Law for LGBT people, made a contact with Wissam. Wissam told that he might be able to obtain equality as the refugee in United States on the punishment he suffered because of his sexual orientation. Conclusion: Member of United States and United Nations has been working to discard and illegalization based on transphobia and homophobia whether the rejection of human rights for LGBT continue all over the world today. ABOUT 30 countries have been legalized the homosexuality in last 20 years. LGBT is attaining momentum by the efforts of UN and different NGOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. It is no doubt by saying that United Nations making development toward the global presence of LGBT rights in the leadership of the Ban Ki Moon, Secretary General of United Nation. For the prosecution of homosexuals, Egypt is not only a single Muslim country. It has been happened across the Muslim world from Malaysia to Morocco. It is a big crime in Islamic Law, Sharia. The punishment of this offense is death in Iran, Pakistan, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan. It is the amount of ubiquity of anti-Gay prejudice in such societies that there is no expression in Urdu, Arabic and Persian for homosexuality that is not sneering or derogatory. Bibliography The Egyptian Blogosphere: Policing Gender and Sexuality and the Consequences for Queer Emancipation. (2012). Grant Walsh-Haines; Journal of Middle East Womens Studies, 8(3), 41-62. Amgad. (2004). Human Rights Watch interview with Amgad. In a Time of Torture: The Assault on Justice in Egyptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Crackdown on Homosexual Conduct. Association, A. P. (n.d.). Are LGBT rights human rights? Recent developments at the United Nations. Retrieved from www.apa.org: https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/06/un-matters.aspx Commision, I. G. (n.d.). Magazines from LGBT Groups in North Africa Available Online. Retrieved from https://iglhrc.org/: https://iglhrc.org/content/magazines-lgbt-groups-north-africa-available-online International Communist league, F. I. (n.d.). Protest Anti-Gay Persecution in Egypt! Retrieved from https://www.icl-fi.org/: https://www.icl-fi.org/english/wv/archives/oldsite/2003/Egypt801.htm MÃÆ' ¡rquez, G. G. (8 December 1982). The Solitude of Latin America. Nobel Lecture, Oslo, Norway. MENYAWI, H. E. (n.d.). ACTIVISM FROM THE CLOSET: GAY RIGHTS STRATEGISING IN EGYPT. Menyawi, H. E. (September 1, 2006). Persecution of Homosexuals: The Egyptian Governments Trojan Horse against Religious Groups. Human Rights Brief, Volume 14, Issue 1, Fall 2006 . Rind, B. (1998). Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks. The Journal of Sex Research, 397-407. Watch, H. R. (n.d.). LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, AND TRANSGENDER RIGHTS. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/: https://www.hrw.org/topic/lgbt-rights wire, P. n. (n.d.). Former Amnesty International Prisoner of Conscience Wins Asylum in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/former-amnesty-international-prisoner-of-conscience-wins-asylum-in-the-united-states-73959027.html

Impact Of The Economic Disruptions Caused By The Global...

the period from 2007 to 2009 to ensure inclusion of the effects of the economic disruption caused by the global financial crisis in their study of SCRM and resilience. Academic studies follow significant events. For instance, peaks in published scholarly journal articles on SCRM occurred following disruptions, in 2004 following 9-11 and again in 2009 following the global recession (Ghadge et al., 2012). Data required for variables Company financial information from annual reports will deliver required data to measure the variables. The resilience variable sample will consist of annual DOI and C2C data for each year in the 10-year period from each company. The performance variable sample will consist of OM and ROA ratios for each year in the 10-year period from each company. Strategies for Validity and Reliability The academic and business research literature supports the validity of the financial ratios to measure resilience and financial performance. Existing or adapted measures found in the literature can be used to measure constructs. Cross-sectional data has limitations, and longitudinal data improves validity. Publically reported financial data are a reliable and accepted business metric. Reputable professional database services may be considered reliable, but the reliability of the study dataset will be cross checked against actual public records (annual report) for accuracy. Data Collection Technique Corporate annual reports contain archival secondary financialShow MoreRelatedGlobal Nature And Systemic Impact On The Firm s Financial Performance968 Words   |  4 PagesDue to its global nature and systemic impact on the firm’s financial performance, the supply chain arguably faces more risk than other areas of the company. 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Why Evolution and Religion Can Coexist Free Essays

Jason Soares 1-1 Science and Religion Can Coexist – Revision 2 For centuries science and religion have been competing with each other to reign supreme over the other. It makes one wonder just why it has come to this. After all aren’t they in many aspects quite similar? Consider the following; the theory of evolution, the big bang theory, and the Copenhagen interpretation theory all have one constant term, â€Å"theory†. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Evolution and Religion Can Coexist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why? – All of them haven’t been proven yet as they are still mere theories. Now shifting over to religion, when reading a holy book, one finds no facts or substantial evidence of how things exist as they do today. Religion, as much of science, is merely based on beliefs. Yet billions choose to either believe in a higher being or eliminate the idea of a god altogether. No matter which side is true or false, one true statement that can be made is that one could not exist without the other. Religion is for spiritual healing and belief; whereas, science is, in most cases, the actual embodiment of our beliefs. Science and religion can coexist because; arguably the greatest mind of them all said so, religion’s morals and values uses science to the benefit of all mankind, and perhaps God himself used science to create all that we see. Firstly, if indisputably the greatest scientist in the history of mankind, Albert Einstein – the person who set the base for modern science as we know it today – found no problem in believing in both science and religion, then why should we? Einstein did not believe in a personal God, a god who cares for us or intervenes in the lives of people, but in one that maintained and created the harmony of the universe; a god nonetheless. That may seem quite odd as many beliefs render science and religion incompatible. Yet, many scientists, according to surveys, say that there is no conflict between their faith and their work. Joel Primack, a professor from the University of California, Santa Cruz, co-developed the cold dark matter theory that seeks to explain the formation and structure of the universe. He also believes in God and that God and science can exist in harmony. He claims that â€Å"in the last few years astronomy has come together so that we’re now able to tell a coherent story† of how the universe began, Primack said. â€Å"This story does not contradict God, but instead enlarges [the idea of] God. † (National Geographic News website) This is one example of how clearly science and religion go hand in hand. Secondly, most religions in this world teach three basic steps in being able to enter the â€Å"eternal life† that most of them offer: respect one another, love your neighbour and be kind to all. Not a bad list on which to base a whole religion on. In fact it sounds quite noble. Think about it, many lives are based on the above list due to a strict enforcing of religion from family or a community, and if even a small portion of those people grow up to be doctors and scientists, we can say with ease that the future of our technological advancements is bright and it is in the right hands. After analyzing the upbringing of these theoretical people, we can come to a conclusion that religion helped a great deal in steering their science-filled future in the right direction. It will be foolish on our part to deny religion just because we’ve advanced in science and technology. As our knowledge increases, we must move nearer to the roots of our religion, and this is the stage when both religion and science will be working together for the betterment of mankind. For example, euthanasia, the killing of a human being to relieve pain and suffering (mercy-killing), is widely considered unethical. This mercy-killing is just a euphemism for suicide. The reason why we don’t say suicide is because it is usually frowned upon by society, yet when someone is on a hospital bed and doesn’t want to live anymore, it’s justified. People say suicide and mercy-killing are different, but they both lead to the same result: the killing of a human being because the person no longer has a desire to live. By definition, this is indeed suicide because it is taking a life away since they no longer find value for it, and yet it is being done throughout the world in public hospitals. Now a doctor with a good moral and ethical background due to religion or a community with strong values would not succumb to the pressures of this daily occurrence. And aren’t doctors supposed to bring life into this world and help sustain it when outside forces threaten it? Moreover, it is daunting to think that someone can just â€Å"pull the plug† on another being just because the former wants to die. Science and technology can be a blessing in the hands of wise men, while it can be deadly in the hands of others, and if we are wiser and nearer to our religious roots we can enjoy our lives better knowing that religion’s morals and values will use science to the benefit of all mankind. Thirdly, possibly one of the most controversial and heated theories of all is the one that concerns the very place in which we live in, the big bang theory. According to the big bang theory, space, time, and all matter around us was created by the grandest explosion ever to occur in our universe. When consulting religious persons about this theory they would whole heartedly disagree with it. Assuming they were Catholics, they would immediately refer to the Bible and cite that God created the world, the vegetation, animals, and humans within it. Now level headed persons who are on neither side of the science-religion debate would argue that, why can’t both the big bang theory and the biblical story of God be true? They would reason that perhaps God used this method of creation for His own purpose, to create a world that is habitable by life. Once again the religious would disagree, saying that according to the book of Genesis, God created Earth in seven days, and according to the big bang theory the earth took billions of years to develop in order to exhibit any traces of human life. Seven days compared to billions of years is quite a difference, yet when examining the word of God in the Bible, the religious cannot take the seven day period so literally. Perhaps it did take God seven days to create the earth, but maybe God was on a different time scale. One day for us is twenty four hours, but one day for God could have been thousands, millions, or billions of years. Furthermore, perhaps these seven days weren’t consecutive. They could have been spanned out over billions of years and just the major days on which God created his most praised wonders are mentioned. In addition to the creation process of the earth, God could have used the scientific methods of photosynthesis, natural selection, and countless others to create this world. Not only can we bring science and religion closer together than ever by this new perspective, but we can say that one definitely assisted in the process of the other and that the relationship between science and religion is strong. Ultimately, one can see that science and religion can coexist, because; many of our brightest minds are an example of this, science can be used for worthy causes due to religion’s ethics, and with a new perspective it can be debated that God himself used science for his own creation purposes. No one is forced to sway either way of the debate and everyone is elcomed to stay neutral, nonetheless, one cannot obliviously deny one and praise the other with an un-open mind. We can choose to believe one, but we shouldn’t reject the other altogether. All we should ask of ourselves is not to ignore the pressing questions which alter our views on religion or science, but to expand our tunnel vision and wander into unfamiliar territories to grasp a bett er understanding of both; consequently closing the gap between science and religion so that one day the feud between the two may rest peacefully in the minds of all. How to cite Why Evolution and Religion Can Coexist, Papers

Slavery and Slavery and the Bible Essay Example

Slavery and Slavery and the Bible Essay Slavery has perhaps played a role in human history throughout all time.   Maybe the actual origins of slavery are obscure, but addressing its history provides some idea as to its origins.   Throughout history, slaves were generally gathered from among those individuals who were of a different ethnic origin, nationality, race or religion.   The practice of slavery is almost always a matter of economics in which the less fortunate or poor are forced to provide service to those who have power.   In many parts of the world, slaves were often taken during conflict between different ethnic groups and/or tribes.   The victor took slaves and the loser became enslaved.   In the ancient Mediterranean world, slavery was a mixture of debt-slavery, punishment for crime and capture followed by enslavement as prisoners of war.We cannot be certain as to the nature and existence of slavery in sub-Saharan African societies before the Europeans arrived, but we know that Africans have been s ubjected to several forms of slavery over the centuries.   They were enslaved by Muslims, by Europeans in trans-Atlantic slave trading and possibly by each other.   In Africa and elsewhere around the world, early slavery generally resulted when warring groups took captives.   Captives were a burden and of little use, so they were often sold and transported to distant locations.   Slaves resulted from war and also as a means to produce wealth.   For example, in parts of Africa, land was typically held communally by villages or large clans.   The amount of land a family needed was determined by the number of laborers the family had to work the land.   Thus, the quickest and easiest means to increase production and therefore to acquire land was by acquiring more laborers and invest in slaves.   Many African societies conducted slave raids on distant villagers for this purpose.Most of the early African slaves were women.   They did the agricultural work, traded, spun c otton and dyed clothes.   They also performed domestic chores such as cooking, washing clothes and cleaning.   Powerful African men kept female slaves as wives or concubines and also as symbols of wealth.   Male slaves performed farm work, herded animals, worked as porters and rowers and learned crafts.   Slaves, both male and female, but especially male slaves, could gain positions of high status and trust within their society.   Because of their dependence on their masters and their limited ambitions, slaves were considered ideal individuals to be close to men in power.Several forms of slavery have been common throughout history.   These include chattel slavery, debt bondage, forced labor and serfdom.   Chattel slaves are slaves who were considered as property to be traded such as the slavery common in American slave history.   They had no rights and are expected to perform labor and sexual favors when commanded to do so.   Africans were subjected to several form s of slavery over the centuries, including chattel slavery under both the Muslims with the trans-Saharan slave trade, and Europeans through the trans-Atlantic slave trade.   Debt bondage involves using individuals as collateral against debt.   The debtor provides labor as compensation for his/her debt.They are bonded to the person to whom they owe a debt until the debt is paid, but in many cases, further debts accrue during the period of bondage so that the debt is never paid.   It may even be inherited and passed on across several generations.   Debt bondage is encountered in the Bible.   In forced labor, individuals were enslaved based on a threat of violence against the slave or his/her family.   Finally, serfdom involved tenant farmers who were bound to a section of land and was under the control of a landlord.   The serf maintained his subsistence through cultivating the landlords land and providing other services.   Serfs were tied to the land and could not lea ve it or marry, sell goods or change occupation without the permission of their landlord.   Serfdom was common and more or less restricted to medieval Europe.   Except for serfdom, most of these forms of slavery can be found somewhere in the Bible.   Although considered a European condition, several African kingdoms such as the Zulu in the early nineteenth century did have situations similar to serfdom.Where do we encounter slavery in the Bible and how is it dealt with?   Some form of slavery is common throughout the Old and New Testaments.   In the Old Testament, slavery is focused in the first five books, especially in Leviticus and Exodus, where the Israelites lived in exile after having been enslaved in Egypt.   However, some form of slavery seems to have been a commonly accepted way of life throughout much of the Old Testament.   Although an accepted part of life, slavery was not necessarily viewed with favor.   Yet, it is not necessarily looked upon with disdai n either.   The prophets were sometimes referred to as Lord (although many biblical prophets were reviled), which is a symbolic reference to slavery, and they were also considered to be servants, which is a Hebrew and Greek reference to slave† (see below).   Moses became a spokesman for the Hebrews and the servant of God during these years in exile as a herder.   Abraham had a servant woman Hagar (Genesis 16:15).   When Abrahams wife Sarah could not have children, Hagar acted as his concubine and had children for him as was customary servant women during those times.We have pointed out the idea of debt slavery.   Recall that debt bondage involves using individuals as collateral against debt in return for labor.   Leviticus 25:39 says that if your brother living with you becomes poor and is sold to you in bondage slavery, you should not compel him to be a bond slave.   Rather, you should hire him as a servant.   You should eventually free him to return to his ow n family and unto the possession of his fathers. (Lev. 25:40).   Leviticus allows individuals to buy slaves from the children of foreigners who reside with you and give them as inheritance to your children.   You may even enslave them forever, but you must not rule harshly over your slaves (Lev. 25:44-46).We also find that the Israelis were enslaved in Egypt.   The Bible says that the Egyptians made the children of Israel serve with rigor: and they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, mortar, and brick, and in all manner of service in the field:   all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigor. (Exodus 1: 13-14)   According the Bible, when the king of Egypt died, God heard the groans of Israel and acted on them. (Ex. 2:23-25)   There are references to the slavery of Israelites in Egypt throughout the first five books of the Old Testament.   In Deuteronomy 15, some slaves were released from debts every seven years.   This practice was called a s abbatical after the Sabbath and has impacted on culture today in academic circles where academicians receive a sabbatical year off with pay to study or do other things.In the New Testament, the existence of or reference to slavery is more subtle and may often be overlooked, but as is true in the Old Testament, slavery appears to have more or less been an accepted part of life and commonly referred to in an almost matter of fact way.   The Hebrew and Greek words â€Å"servant† mean â€Å"slave.†Ã‚   Both Peter (2 Peter 1:1) and Paul (Romans 1:1; Titus 1:1) considered themselves to be a â€Å"servant,† first and then an apostle while both James and Jude proclaimed themselves to be servants of Christ (James 1:1; Jude 1:1; Colossians 4:12).   Another common reference to slavery is in mans relationship to God and in the relationship between Jesus and his followers.   If you recall, Jesus is referred to as Lord or the Lord and as â€Å"Master†.   Refere nce to the Lord may be confused as referring to either God or to Jesus and, in fact, some Christian religions actually believe that Jesus was/is God, something that Jesus himself denies.   In medieval England, the Lord referred to the landlord and the serfs of the landlord were his servants and slaves.   Although it was not like later serfdom in medieval England, a similar relationship existed between the servants in biblical times and their master.Paul, who may have believed at one time that Christ was God and at another time that Christ was a special servant of God (this issue is not entirely clear but many things Paul says are note entirely clear), referred to Christ a one who â€Å"purchased salvation from God with his own blood, a common Christian belief today. (Acts 20:28)   Thus, Paul believed that a slave (of God, apparently) who converts to the teachings of Christ becomes free from slavery through the purchase Christ made.   Thus, the message presented throughout m ost of the New Testament has to do with a servant/slave-master relationship between God and man, God and Christ, Christ and other men and other men and Christ.   Christ viewed himself as the servant of men and Christians view themselves as the servants of Christ.   Virtually the entire New Testament is an allegorical reference to slavery.In the both the Old and New Testaments, we also encounter reference to individual slaves such as the New Testament slave Onesimus.   Onesimus, the slave of Philemon at Colosse, robbed his master and fled but the Apostle Paul vowed to repay his debt.   (Philemon 1:16, 18)   Throughout the New Testament, stories are told and situations are presented in terms of master and slave.   God is often portrayed as the master, but in the New Testament, Christ is referred to as the Master.   This often causes confusion as to the nature of Christ.   Was Christ also God, a man or both?   Also, the Bible depicts the relationship between God and m an as situations between a master and a servant.   Servant and slave can be used interchangeably in some situations as would be expected since he word â€Å"servant† comes from the Greek and Hebrew words for slave.If we refer to serfdom in medieval Europe, we see that serfs were more or less slaves tied to the land and forbidden to leave, even forbidden to marry without permission.   However, serfs were not necessarily referred to as slaves, but as servants although serfdom was clearly a form of slavery.   In fact, throughout history, many servants were merely slaves working off some debt.   So, reference to a servant throughout the Bible, particularly in the New Testament where Jesus is portrayed as a servant, is also a subtle reference to slavery.   We constantly encounter reference to servant and master throughout the Bible.   Jesus was the master to his disciples and his disciples were his servants while, paradoxically, Jesus was also the servant to his discip les and to all of mankind.Jesus used examples of servitude in parables to illustrate various points.   For example, Christ tells the parable of the trustworthy servant whose master left him to manage the household staff and all the property.   Christ remarks, I tell you this:   he will be put in charge of all his masters property (Matthew 24:45-47).   This is exactly what had happened to Joseph, the son of Jacob, earlier in the Bible, in Genesis where it is said,Think of my master.   He does not know as much as I do about his own house, and he has entrusted me with all he has.Genesis 39:4, 9This, of course, is a reference to slavery.   Once when a rich man approached him and asked, Master, what good must I do to gain eternal life?   (Matthew 19:16), after some discussion about what the man had already done Christ replied,If you wish to go the whole way, go, sell your possessions, and give to the poor, and then you will have riches in heaven; and come, follow me.Matthew 19:21This situation is an example of how slavery is used in the Bible in that Christ taught that in order to be one with God, it was important to become the servant to all.   Christ taught as wisdom that Whoever wants to be great must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be the willing servant of all (Matthew 20:26-28; Mark 10:43-45).Has the Bible impacted or changed our worldview about slavery?   That is a difficult question to answer.   In American slavery, the Bible was used to keep slaves peaceful and to hold them down.   Slaves were forbidden to be taught to read and write while, at the same time, they were taught passages from the Bible designed to keep them passive.   Thus, the Bible was used to justify slavery in seventeenth, eighteenth and especially in nineteenth century America.   In other parts of the world where Bible based Christian religions were not common, slavery continued without resistance or abatement well up to the twentieth century.    Slavery still exists in some parts of the world, especially in Asia where sexual slavery is rather common and may be the most common form of slavery, but those parts of the world are not Bible based regions.   However, various forms of employment slavery are still common in parts of South and Central America where the predominant religion is Catholicism.   Child slavery for cheap labor and child prostitution are still prevalent throughout Asia and South America—i.e., in countries with and without Bible based religions as the basic religion.Certainly, slavery is not as open today as it was in the past, but whether that is a result of an impact from the Bible or merely the result of the idea that those under the yoke of cruelty will eventually rise up against those holding them down is not certain.   Certain, religions played a role in the Civil Rights movement in the US, a movement that more or less grew out of slave history.   Reverend Martin Luther King used con cepts from Mahatma Gandhi and Jesus Christ to combat racism and the scars of Western slavery, so the Bible was involved.   Still, it can probably be argued that people just got tired of being held down and finally stood up in favor of being treated the way the felt they should have been treated.It is not likely that Rosa Parks was thinking about any aspect of the slavery in the Bible when she refused to give up her seat on the bus on December 1, 1955 even though her religion may never have been far from her mind.   Plus, it is certain that when she refused to get up, nobody could have guessed at that time that Reverend Martin Luther King, more or less an unknown, would have used Christs teachings of turning the other cheek and Mahatma Gandhi’s teaching of passive resistance to combat the twentieth century vestiges of slavery.   Still, those things happened, so in some sense, the Bible has had an impact on slavery in the world and the worldview of slavery today.   Even up to the end of the twentieth century, Nelson Mandela continued to carry the banner of Christ, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther and Martin Luther King to combat the vestiges of slavery in South Africa and perhaps influenced events in Rhodesia as well.   So, the Bible certainly has impacted, both positively and negatively, on slavery in to and including modern times.Has the social movement of slavery changed over time?   The answer is probably, Yes.   Although slavery still exists, much of it has gone underground.   Also, although slavery is still common, it is not as widespread or open as in the past.   However, slavery is still basically an economic issue as it probably always will be.   Today, child enslavement, the enslavement of the poor in sweat shops and sexual slavery are the most common forms of slavery.   All forms of slavery are more or less underground and slavery is illegal in most parts of the world where Bible based religions are predominant except in Isla mic countries.   (Remember, Islam is also a Bible based religion even though its main Holy Book is the Koran.   The Bible is the second most Holy Book of Islam and Moses is the second greatest Prophet after Mohammed.)   So, perhaps the two greatest changes in the social movement of slavery over time have been that fact that todays slavery has gone underground and that slavery is not as widespread anywhere in the world as it was in the past.The culture of slavery has changed dramatically since its historical beginnings.   In most of the world, there is no open culture of slavery today, at least not in the Western world.   Individuals who live in the West and still engage in slavery realize that they cannot do so openly and, in fact, even most, but certainly not all non-Western cultures realize that they cannot openly engage in slavery today.   Still, slavery exists elsewhere and there is little that can be done to eliminate it.   It will always exist underground because of its economic value to those who engage in it.   I feel that today’s changes are positive, but we certainly have a long way to go.   Whereas slavery in the past was legal in much of the world, today it is not.   In fact, slavery is illegal in most of the world, certainly in most of the Western world.The problem is that the vestiges of slavery that exist today are and will remain underground.   Whereas slavery in the past was immoral and ultimately doomed to be confronted, most slavery today thus can only be confronted when caught because it is underground.   Victims of slavery are often just as afraid of the law as of those who have them enslaved.   Todays slavery is certainly just as likely to be confronted in the future as open slavery was in the past, and it is equally as immoral as in the past, but now it has gone underground because it is illegal.   Therefore, it will be much more difficult to recognize, find and combat.   So, I feel that the changes w e see today are positive for the most part, but the vestiges that remain will certainly be more difficult to eliminate.   That is where I feel that we stand today.